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Those are astonishing figures given that vaping barely existed just over a decade ago

This work, which stemmed from a collaboration between researchers at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and the University of Illinois, and led by Richard Olsson and Mikael Hedenqvist, provides a proof-of-concept for synthesising filters from recycled PET to give cigarette filters which absorb up to 20 times more cigarette smoke than classic filter tips

While they are all designed for low-power pod kits, different formulations focus on flavour intensity, sweetness level, and how they behave inside coils

The ingredients in e-liquids, especially nicotine, can constrict blood vessels in the gums, contributing to gum problems and potentially slowing down the healing of oral wounds, Dr Eskander says